Registro de actividades de la Sociedad Española de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular, año 2019 / Registry of activities of the Spanish Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, year 2019

Objetivo: describir la actividad asistencial del año 2019 de los servicios/unidades de angiología y cirugía vascular en España. Pacientes y métodos: estudio transversal con encuesta a 107 centros sobre procedimientos quirúrgicos y exploraciones vasculares realizados en 2019. Análisis descriptivo de resultados y comparación de la ratio de actividad /100 000 habitantes con 2018. Resultados: respondieron 44 servicios (41,1 %), 4 de ámbito privado. De los 42 servicios docentes, respondieron 29 (65,9 %), un 65,9 %. En los servicios que respondieron se produjeron 26 960 ingresos, el 46,4 % urgentes y el 53,5 % programados (estancia media: 6,8 días). En la mayoría de sectores no hubo cambios significativos en la ratio/100 000 habitantes, salvo un aumento moderado (10,7 frente a 9,4) en el sector distal, tanto en procedimientos quirúrgicos (3,3 frente a 2,8) como en endovasculares (7,3 frente a 6,6). Descenso moderado de procedimientos endovasculares en los troncos supraaórticos (1,4 frente a 1,6). Hubo una disminución moderada de procedimientos quirúrgicos en aorta torácica (0,17 frente a 0,20) y abdominal (2,38 frente a 2,78), que contrastó con un aumento moderado en procedimientos endovasculares abdominotorácicos (0,40 frente a 0,35). En las arterias viscerales se encontró una disminución relevante de procedimientos endovasculares (0,89 frente a 1,16) y un aumento moderado de los quirúrgicos (0,99 frente a 0,89). En el sector aortoilíaco hubo un aumento moderado de procedimientos endovasculares (6,8 frente a 5,8). En 2019 también se encontró una disminución relevante en el número de procedimientos endovasculares relacionados con los accesos de hemodiálisis (1,2 frente a 1,5), un descenso moderado en el número de amputaciones mayores (6,9 frente a 7,8) y un descenso relevante de actividad sobre las malformaciones (0,32 frente a 0,59). Se encontró un aumento moderado en la actividad global sobre el sector venoso con respecto a la de 2018 (93,3 vs. 80,3)...(AU)

Introduction and objective: to describe the healthcare activity of the Angiology and Vascular Surgery services/units in Spain in 2019.Patients and methods: cross-sectional study with a survey of 107 centers on surgical procedures and vascularexplorations performed in 2019. Descriptive analysis of results and comparison of the activity ratio / 100,000inhabitants with 2018.Results: 44 services responded (41.1 %), with only 4 being private. Of the 42 teaching services, 29 (65.9 %) respon-ded, representing 65.9 % of the total. In the services that responded, there were 26,960 admissions, 46.4 % urgentand 53.5% scheduled, with an average stay of 6.8 days. Global surgical activity in arterial surgery in 2019 was similarto that of 2018. In most sectors there were no significant changes in the ratio / 100,000 inhabitants, except for amoderate increase (10.7 vs. 9.4) in the distal sector , finding the increase in both surgical procedures (3.3 vs. 2.8) andendovascular procedures (7.3 vs. 6.6). Furthermore, a moderate decrease in endovascular procedures was foundin the supra-aortic trunks (1.4 vs. 1.6). There was a moderate decrease in surgical procedures in the thoracic aorta(0.17 vs. 0.20) and abdominal (2.38 vs. 2.78), which contrasted with a moderate increase in thoraco-abdominalendovascular procedures (0.40 vs. to 0.35). In visceral arteries, a relevant decrease in endovascular procedures wasfound (0.89 vs. 1.16) and a moderate increase in surgical procedures (0.99 vs. 0.89). In the aorto-iliac sector therewas a moderate increase in endovascular procedures (6.8 vs. 5.8). In 2019, a relevant decrease was also found inthe number of endovascular procedures related to hemodialysis accesses (1.2 vs. 1.5), and a moderate decreasein the number of major amputations (6.9 vs. 7.8)...(AU)

Proyecto DUCMA 2.0. Puesta al día sobre la situación actual de las unidades de Cirugía Mayor Ambulatoria en España / DUCMA 2.0 project: Update on the current situation of the outpatient surgery units in Spain

Introducción: La cirugía mayor ambulatoria (CMA) es un sistema de gestión seguro y eficiente para resolver los problemas quirúrgicos, pero su implantación y desarrollo ha sido variable. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características, la estructura y el funcionamiento de las unidades de Cirugía Mayor Ambulatoria (UCMA) en España. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal, multicéntrico basado en una encuesta electrónica, con recogida de datos entre abril y septiembre de 2022. Resultados: En total, 90 UCMA completaron la encuesta. La media del índice de ambulatorización (IA) global es de 63%. Más de la mitad de las UCMA (52%) son de tipo integrado. La mitad las unidades imparte formación para médicos (51%) y personal de enfermería (55%). Los indicadores de calidad más utilizados son la tasa de suspensiones (87%) y de ingresos no previstos (80%). Conclusiones: Se necesita mayor coordinación entre administraciones para obtener datos fiables. Asimismo, se deben implementar sistemas de gestión de calidad en las unidades y desarrollar herramientas para la formación adecuada de los profesionales implicados.(AU)

Introduction: Ambulatory surgery is a safe and efficient management system to solve surgical problems, but its implementation and development has been variable. The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics, structure and functioning of ambulatory surgery units (ASU) in Spain. Methods: Multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study based on an electronic survey, with data collection between April and September 2022. Results: In total, 90 ASUs completed the survey. The mean overall ambulatory index is 63%. More than half of the ASUs (52%) are integrated units. Around half of the units provide training for physicians (51%) and for nurses (55%). The most frequently used quality indicators are suspension rate (87%) and the rate of unplanned admissions (80%). Conclusions: Greater coordination between administrations is needed to obtain reliable data. It is also necessary to implement quality management systems in the different units, as well as to develop tools for the adequate training of the professionals involved.(AU)

Measurements of Surgical Volume in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, a Systematic Review.

Background: Surgical volume is a surgical indicator that was described in the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS) and the World Bank World Development Indicators as an important metric for tracking the delivery of surgical care. Objectives: We aimed to characterize the reports on surgical volume (SV) in the existing literature by using a systematic review to assess studies that examine surgical procedures as a ratio of a population (procedures/100,000 population). Methods: The PRISMA guideline was employed in the systematic review of articles that addressed the measurement of SV in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with the primary outcome of surgical procedures/100,000 population. Findings: The search result consisted of 6,657 preliminary studies. Following the title and abstract screening, 6,464 articles were excluded, and the remaining 193 were included in the full text review. From the full text review of the 193, only 26 of these articles defined SV as the ratio of number of procedures per population of the catchment/geographical area. The reported SV was a mean of 765, with an SD of 1260 operations per 100,000. The median SV was 180 (min = 0.900, max = 4470). Conclusion: Our findings support the LCoGS assessment of the gap in surgical care. The target for SV is 5000 per 100,000 population, compared to the average of 765 per 100,000 population as found in this review. The challenges for assessing surgical volume gaps are vast, including the nature of written records, which limits SV reports to an absolute number of procedures per year without a reference to the catchment population. For the purpose of tracking SV, we recommend using proxies that account for the capacity of facilities to deliver care regardless of the catchment population.

Racial Disparities in Pediatric Mortality Following Transfusion Within 72 Hours of Operation.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative bleeding and transfusion are correlated with mortality risk. Furthermore, postoperative bleeding may often initiate the cascade of complications that leads to death. Given that minority children have increased risk of surgical complications, this study aimed to investigate the association of race with pediatric surgical mortality following postoperative transfusion. METHODS: We used the NSQIP-P PUF to assemble a retrospective cohort of children <18 who underwent inpatient surgery during 2012-2021. We included White, Black, Hispanic, and 'Other' children who received a transfusion within 72 h of surgery. The primary outcome was defined as all-cause mortality within 30 days following the primary surgical procedure. Using logistic regression models, we estimated the risk-adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of mortality, comparing each racial/ethnic cohort to White children. RESULTS: A total of 466,230 children <18 years of age underwent inpatient surgical procedures from 2012 to 2021. Of these, 46,200 required transfusion and were included in our analysis. The majority of patients were non-Hispanic White (64.6%, n = 29,850), while 18.9% (n = 8752) were non-Hispanic Black, 11.7% (n = 5387) were Hispanic, and 4.8% (n = 2211) were 'Other' race. The overall rate of mortality following transfusion was 2.5%. White children had the lowest incidence of mortality (2.0%), compared to children of 'Other' race (2.5%), Hispanic children (3.1%), and Black children (3.6%). After adjusting for sex, age, comorbidities, case status, preoperative transfusion within 48 h, and year of operation, we found that Black children experienced 1.24 times the odds of mortality following a postoperative transfusion compared to a White child (aOR: 1.24; 95%CI, 1.03-1.51; P = 0.025). Hispanic children were also significantly more likely to die following a postoperative transfusion than White children (aOR: 1.19; 95%CI, 1.02-1.39; P = 0.027). CONCLUSION: We found that minority children who required a postoperative transfusion had a higher odds of death than White children. Future studies should explore adverse events following postoperative transfusion and the differences in their management by race that may contribute to the higher mortality rate for minority children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER AND REGISTRY: Not applicable.

Impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en la cirugía de columna en un centro de segundo nivel / Impact of COVID-19 pandemia on spine surgery in 2nd level hospital

Introducción: Las consecuencias de la pandemia por COVID-19, como en otros aspectos de la medicina, se han visto reflejadas también en la actividad quirúrgica de columna vertebral. Objetivos: El objetivo principal del presente estudio es cuantificar el número de intervenciones realizadas entre los años 2016 y 2021 y analizar el tiempo de espera en los pacientes intervenidos como medida indirecta del volumen de la lista de espera. Como objetivos secundarios se realiza un análisis del tiempo de estancia hospitalaria y el tiempo quirúrgico a lo largo de la serie. Métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en relación con el volumen de intervenciones y diagnósticos durante un periodo que incluye desde la etapa previa a la pandemia (2016) hasta finales del año 2021, en que la situación global llegó a una cuasi-normalización de la actividad. Se han identificado un total de 1.039 registros. Se incluyen las variables edad, género, días en lista de espera antes de la intervención, diagnóstico, tiempo de estancia hospitalaria y tiempo quirúrgico. Resultados: Se objetiva una disminución en el número total de intervenciones durante la pandemia respecto al año 2019 (32,15% menos el año 2020 y 23,5% menos el 2021). Tras el análisis de los datos, se observa un aumento en la dispersión y la mediana del tiempo de espera global y por patologías a partir de 2020, sin detectarse diferencias significativas en el tiempo de hospitalización ni en el tiempo quirúrgico. Conclusión: Durante la pandemia se ha producido una disminución del número de intervenciones debido a la necesidad de redistribuir recursos humanos y materiales para hacer frente al incremento de pacientes críticos afectados por la COVID-19. El aumento de la dispersión y de la mediana global y por patologías de la variable tiempo de espera se traduce como un aumento del tiempo de espera en las cirugías diferibles realizadas durante los años de...(AU)

Introduction: The consequences of COVID-19 pandemic, like in any other field of medicine, had such a massive effect in the activity of spine surgeons. Objectives: The main purpose of the study is quantifying the number of interventions done between 2016 and 2021 and analyze the time between the indication and the intervention as an indirect measurement of the waiting list. As secondary objectives we focused on variations of the length of stay and duration of the surgeries during this specific period. Methods: We performed a descriptive retrospective study including all the interventions and diagnosis made during a period including pre-pandemic data (starting on 2016) until 2021, when we considered the normalization of surgical activity was achieved. A total of 1039 registers were compiled. The data collected included age, gender, days in waiting list before the intervention, diagnosis, time of hospitalization and surgery duration. Results: We found that the total number of interventions during the pandemic has significantly decreased compared to 2019 (32.15% less in 2020 and 23.5% less in 2021). After data analysis, we found an increase of data dispersion, average waiting list time and for diagnosis after 2020. No differences were found regarding hospitalization time or surgical time. Conclusion: The number of surgeries decreased during pandemic due to the redistribution of human and material resources to face the raising of critical COVID-19 patients. The increase of data dispersion and median of waiting time, is the consequence of a growing waiting list for non-urgent surgeries during the pandemic as the urgent interventions also raised, those with a shorter waiting time.(AU)

[Translated article] Impact of COVID-19 pandemia on spine surgery in 2nd level hospital / Impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en la cirugía de columna en un centro de segundo nivel

Introducción: Las consecuencias de la pandemia por COVID-19, como en otros aspectos de la medicina, se han visto reflejadas también en la actividad quirúrgica de columna vertebral. Objetivos: El objetivo principal del presente estudio es cuantificar el número de intervenciones realizadas entre los años 2016 y 2021 y analizar el tiempo de espera en los pacientes intervenidos como medida indirecta del volumen de la lista de espera. Como objetivos secundarios se realiza un análisis del tiempo de estancia hospitalaria y el tiempo quirúrgico a lo largo de la serie. Métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en relación con el volumen de intervenciones y diagnósticos durante un periodo que incluye desde la etapa previa a la pandemia (2016) hasta finales del año 2021, en que la situación global llegó a una cuasi-normalización de la actividad. Se han identificado un total de 1.039 registros. Se incluyen las variables edad, género, días en lista de espera antes de la intervención, diagnóstico, tiempo de estancia hospitalaria y tiempo quirúrgico. Resultados: Se objetiva una disminución en el número total de intervenciones durante la pandemia respecto al año 2019 (32,15% menos el año 2020 y 23,5% menos el 2021). Tras el análisis de los datos, se observa un aumento en la dispersión y la mediana del tiempo de espera global y por patologías a partir de 2020, sin detectarse diferencias significativas en el tiempo de hospitalización ni en el tiempo quirúrgico. Conclusión: Durante la pandemia se ha producido una disminución del número de intervenciones debido a la necesidad de redistribuir recursos humanos y materiales para hacer frente al incremento de pacientes críticos afectados por la COVID-19. El aumento de la dispersión y de la mediana global y por patologías de la variable tiempo de espera se traduce como un aumento del tiempo de espera en las cirugías diferibles realizadas durante los años de...(AU)

Introduction: The consequences of COVID-19 pandemic, like in any other field of medicine, had such a massive effect in the activity of spine surgeons. Objectives: The main purpose of the study is quantifying the number of interventions done between 2016 and 2021 and analyze the time between the indication and the intervention as an indirect measurement of the waiting list. As secondary objectives we focused on variations of the length of stay and duration of the surgeries during this specific period. Methods: We performed a descriptive retrospective study including all the interventions and diagnosis made during a period including pre-pandemic data (starting on 2016) until 2021, when we considered the normalization of surgical activity was achieved. A total of 1039 registers were compiled. The data collected included age, gender, days in waiting list before the intervention, diagnosis, time of hospitalization and surgery duration. Results: We found that the total number of interventions during the pandemic has significantly decreased compared to 2019 (32.15% less in 2020 and 23.5% less in 2021). After data analysis, we found an increase of data dispersion, average waiting list time and for diagnosis after 2020. No differences were found regarding hospitalization time or surgical time. Conclusion: The number of surgeries decreased during pandemic due to the redistribution of human and material resources to face the raising of critical COVID-19 patients. The increase of data dispersion and median of waiting time, is the consequence of a growing waiting list for non-urgent surgeries during the pandemic as the urgent interventions also raised, those with a shorter waiting time.(AU)

Racial Disparities in General Surgery Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: While disparities in Black and Hispanic and Latino patients undergoing general surgeries are well described, most analyses leave out Asian, American Indian or Alaskan Native (AIAN), and native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander patients. This study identified general surgery outcomes for each racial group in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. METHODS: National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was queried to identify all procedures conducted by a general surgeon from 2017 to 2020 (n = 2,664,197). Multivariable regression models were used to investigate the impact of race and ethnicity on 30-day mortality, readmission, reoperation, major and minor medical complications, and non-home discharge destinations. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: Compared to non-Hispanic White patients, Black patients had higher odds of readmission and reoperation, and Hispanic and Latino patients had higher odds of major and minor complications. AIAN patients had higher odds of mortality (AOR: 1.003 (1.002-1.005), P < 0.001), major complication (AOR: 1.013 (1.006-1.020), P < 0.001), reoperation (AOR: 1.009, (1.005-1.013), P < 0.001), and non-home discharge destination (AOR: 1.006 (1.001-1.012), P = 0.025), while native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander patients had lower odds of readmission (AOR: 0.991 (0.983-0.999), P = 0.035) and non-home discharge destination (AOR: 0.983 (0.975-0.990), P < 0.001) compared to non-Hispanic White patients. Asian patients had lower odds of each adverse outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Black, Hispanic and Latino, and AIAN patients are at higher odds for poor postoperative results than non-Hispanic White patients. AIANs had some of the highest odds of mortality, major complications, reoperation, and non-home discharge. Social health determinants and policy adjustments must be targeted to ensure optimal operative results for all patients.

Health System Structure: An Opportunity to Address Structural Racism and Discrimination.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of hub-and-spoke systems as a factor in structural racism and discrimination. BACKGROUND: Health systems are often organized in a "hub-and-spoke" manner to centralize complex surgical care to 1 high-volume hospital. Although the surgical health care disparities are well described across health care systems, it is not known how they seem across a single system's hospitals. METHODS: Adult patients who underwent 1 of 10 general surgery operations in 12 geographically diverse states (2016-2018) were identified using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's State Inpatient Databases. System status was assigned using the American Hospital Association dataset. Hub designation was assigned in 2 ways: (1) the hospital performing the most complex operations (general hub) or (2) the hospital performing the most of each specific operation (procedure-specific hub). Independent multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk-adjusted odds of treatment at hubs by race and ethnicity. RESULTS: We identified 122,236 patients across 133 hospitals in 43 systems. Most patients were White (73.4%), 14.2% were Black, and 12.4% Hispanic. A smaller proportion of Black and Hispanic patient underwent operations at general hubs compared with White patients (B: 59.6% H: 52.0% W: 62.0%, P <0.001). After adjustment, Black and Hispanic patients were less likely to receive care at hub hospitals relative to White patients for common and complex operations (general hub B: odds ratio: 0.88 CI, 0.85, 0.91 H: OR: 0.82 CI, 0.79, 0.85). CONCLUSIONS: When White, Black, and Hispanic patients seek care at hospital systems, Black and Hispanic patients are less likely to receive treatment at hub hospitals. Given the published advantages of high-volume care, this new finding may highlight an opportunity in the pursuit of health equity.

Previsões do número de cirurgias suspensas utilizando o software Power BI® em um hospital universitário / Predictions of the number of suspended surgeries using software Power BI® in a university hospital / Predicciones del número de cirugías suspendidas utilizando software Power BI® en un hospital universitario

Objetivo: analisar as cirurgias suspensas, realizando previsões futuras de três meses, a partir de outubro de 2022, através de um gráfico de linhas utilizando o software Power BI®. Método: se utilizou a técnica de médias moveis ponderada, alisamento exponencial simples, utilizando a ferramenta gráfico de linhas do Power BI®, com intervalo de confiança de 95% e previsões de três meses. Resultados: os resultados demostraram que existem diferentes etapas para construir previsões e alguns pré-requisitos devem ser preenchidos, foram encontradas as seguintes previsões com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança novembro 134(97,172), dezembro 141(102,180), janeiro 147(106.188). Conclusão: a utilização de previsões pode ser uma ferramenta útil para a tomada de decisão, prever problemas e sempre necessário na gestão de um hospital, podendo até suprimir gastos se antecipando a uma variedade de problemas.

Objective: to analyze the suspended surgeries, making future predictions of three months, starting in October 2022, through a line graph using the Power BI software. Method: we used the technique of weighted moving averages, simple exponential smoothing, using the Power BI® line graph tool, with a confidence interval of 95% and predictions of three months. Results: the results showed that there are different steps to construct predictions and some prerequisites must be fulfilled, the following predictions were found with their respective confidence intervals: November 134 (97,172), December 141 (102,180), January 147 (106,188). Conclusion: the use of forecasts can be a useful tool for decision making, predicting problems and always necessary in the management of a hospital, and can even suppress expenses in anticipation of a variety of problems.

Objetivos:analizar las cirugías suspendidas, haciendo predicciones futuras de tres meses, a partir de octubre de 2022, a través de un gráfico lineal utilizando el software Power BI®. Método: se utilizó la técnica de medias móviles ponderadas, suavizado exponencial simple, utilizando la herramienta de gráfico de líneas de Power BI®, con un intervalo de confianza del 95% y predicciones de tres meses. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que existen diferentes pasos para construir predicciones y se deben cumplir algunos requisitos previos, se encontraron las siguientes predicciones con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza: noviembre 134 (97,172), diciembre 141 (102,180), enero 147 (106,188). Conclusión: el uso de pronósticos puede ser una herramienta útil para la toma de decisiones, predicción de problemas y siempre necesaria en la gestión de un hospital, e incluso puede suprimir gastos en previsión de una variedad de problemas.

Ansiedade no período pré-operatório: uma análise bibliométrica / Anxiety in the preoperative period: a bibliometric analysis / Ansiedad en el periodo preoperatorio: un análisis bibliométrico

Objetivo: caracterizar os indicadores bibliométricos da produção científica disponível em periódicos online que abordam a ansiedade no período pré-operatório. Método: Trata-se de uma análise bibliométrica descritiva com abordagem quantitativa de base documental. Para a busca utilizou-se sete bases de dados, com os descritores "ansiedade" e "período pré-operatório". Realizado análise estatística descritiva simples. Resultados: Foram encontrados 10224 artigos e após análises 148 artigos constituíram-se a amostra do estudo. Conclusão: Os indicadores bibliométricos indicam que a produção científica acerca da ansiedade pré-operatória destaca-se no âmbito nacional e internacional, tendo portanto, predomínio as publicações nacionais no idioma inglês, com sistema de produção em coautoria; o Brasil, os EUA e a Turquia foram os países que mais publicaram, sendo a grande maioria no cenário acadêmico das universidades brasileiras. As publicações foram realizadas por diferentes áreas do conhecimento, com destaque para as áreas médica e de enfermagem, o que indica um caráter interdisciplinar acerca da temática.

Objective: to characterize the bibliometric indicators of science available in online journals that address anxiety in the preoperative period. Method: This is a descriptive bibliometric analysis with a document-based quantitative approach. For the search, seven databases were used, with the descriptors "anxiety" and "preoperative period". Simple descriptive statistical analysis. Results: 10224 articles were found and after analysis 148 articles constituted the study sample. Conclusion: The bibliometric indicators indicate that the scientific production about pre-surgical anxiety stands out at the national and international level, having, therefore, domain of national publications in the English language, with a co-authorship production system; Brazil, the USA and Turkey were the countries that published the most, with the vast majority in the academic scenario of Brazilian universities. The publications were carried out by different areas of knowledge, with emphasis on the medical and nursing areas, which indicates an interdisciplinary character regarding the theme.

Objetivo: Caracterizar los indicadores bibliométricos de la producción científica disponible en revistas online que abordan la ansiedad en el periodo preoperato- rio. Método: Se trata de un análisis bibliométrico descriptivo con un enfoque cuantitativo de base documental. Para a busca utilizou-se sete bases de dados, com os descritores "an- siedade" e "período pré-operatório". Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo simple. Resultados: Fueron encontrados 10224 artículos y después del análisis 148 artículos con- stituyeron la muestra del estudio. Conclusión: Los indicadores bibliométricos indican que la producción científica sobre ansiedad preoperatoria se destaca nacional e internacional- mente, con predominio, por lo tanto, de publicaciones nacionales en inglés, con sistema de producción en coautoría; Brasil, EE.UU. y Turquía fueron los países que más publica- ron, y la gran mayoría en el ámbito académico de universidades brasileñas. Las publica- ciones fueron realizadas por diferentes áreas del conocimiento, especialmente las áreas médica y de enfermería, lo que indica un carácter interdisciplinario sobre el tema.

Trauma em ambientes rurais: avaliação de pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva / Trauma in rural environments: evaluation of patients interned in intensive care unit / Traumatismos en entornos rurales: evaluación de los pacientes ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos

O acesso limitado do atendimento ao trauma aumenta proporcionalmente à ruralidade, refletindo em uma maior mortalidade e invalidez a longo prazo. A pesquisa objetivou identificar os desfechos de pacientes internados por trauma em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, acometidos em ambientes rurais. Trata-se de um estudo transversal observacional realizado em uma UTI geral de um hospital da região central do Estado do Paraná entre 2013 a 2019, através da análise de prontuários de 230 pacientes traumatizados em ambiente rural. Os dados foram analisados por meio de testes de Qui-quadrado de Pearson, exato de Fisher ou t de Student. Dentre os desfechos identificados, observou-se associação do sexo feminino com as comorbidades (p=0,024), das regiões mais afetadas de cabeça, pescoço e tórax com a gravidade do trauma (p=0,001), além de variáveis do primeiro atendimento, como suporte respiratório básico, PAS <90mmHg e Glasgow associados à pacientes cirúgicos e pupilas alteradas em pacientes clínicos. Para o desfecho, observou-se que as médias do tempo de permanência hospitalar foi significativamente menor para aqueles que foram a óbito. As características apresentadas assemelham-se às informações mencionadas na literatura, em que as lesões graves com a necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica e maior tempo de permanência hospitalar estão associados ao óbito em traumas rurais. Contudo, o trauma no ambiente rural, apesar de não refletir nem sempre em maior gravidade, apresenta desfechos impactantes para o paciente.

Limited access to trauma care increases proportionally to rurality, reflecting higher mortality and long-term disability. The research aimed to identify the outcomes of patients hospitalized for trauma in Intensive Care Units, affected in rural environments. This is an observational cross-sectional study carried out in a general ICU of a hospital in the central region of the State of Paraná between 2013 and 2019, through the analysis of medical records of 230 trauma patients in a rural environment. Data were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square, Fisher's exact or Student's t tests. Among the outcomes identified, there was an association between female sex and comorbidities (p=0.024), the most affected regions of the head, neck and chest with the severity of the trauma (p=0.001), in addition to variables of the first care, such as basic respiratory support, SBP <90mmHg and Glasgow associated with surgical patients and altered pupils in medical patients. For the outcome, it was observed that the average length of hospital stay was significantly lower for those who died. The characteristics presented are similar to the information mentioned in the literature, in which serious injuries requiring surgical intervention and longer hospital stays are associated with death in rural traumas. However, trauma in the rural environment, although not always reflecting greater severity, has impacting outcomes for the patient.

El acceso limitado a la atención traumatológica aumenta proporcionalmente a la ruralidad, lo que se refleja en una mayor mortalidad y discapacidad a largo plazo. La investigación tenía como objetivo identificar los resultados de los pacientes ingresados por traumatismos en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, afectados en entornos rurales. Se trata de un estudio observacional transversal realizado en una UCI general de un hospital de la región central del Estado de Paraná entre 2013 y 2019, a través del análisis de las historias clínicas de 230 pacientes lesionados en el medio rural. Los datos se analizaron mediante las pruebas de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, exacta de Fisher o t de Student. Entre los resultados identificados, el sexo femenino se asoció con las comorbilidades (p=0,024), las regiones más afectadas de la cabeza, el cuello y el tórax con la gravedad del traumatismo (p=0,001), además de las variables de los primeros cuidados, como la asistencia respiratoria básica, la PAS <90mmHg y el Glasgow asociado a los pacientes quirúrgicos y las pupilas alteradas en los pacientes clínicos. En cuanto al resultado, se observó que la duración media de la estancia hospitalaria fue significativamente menor para los que murieron. Las características presentadas son similares a la información mencionada en la literatura, en la que las lesiones graves con necesidad de intervención quirúrgica y mayor estancia hospitalaria se asocian a la muerte en el trauma rural. Sin embargo, el traumatismo en el medio rural, a pesar de no reflejar siempre una mayor gravedad, presenta resultados impactantes para el paciente.

COVID-19 y cirugía. Impacto en los volúmenes de atención, complicaciones posoperatorias y mortalidad. Resultados después de un año de pandemia / COVID-19 and surgery. Impact on volumes of care, postoperative complications and mortality. Results after one year of the pandemic

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la pandemia por COVID-19 generó importantes cambios en la atención y tratamiento de los pacientes quirúrgicos. Objetivo: los objetivos de este estudio fueron comparar los volúmenes de prestaciones realizadas durante un año de pandemia con un período igual sin pandemia, proyectar su impacto asistencial e institucional, y comparar pacientes COVID+ versus COVID- para determinar complicaciones posoperatorias, mortalidad y los factores de riesgo asociados a estos eventos. Material y métodos: estudio observacional y retrospectivo. Comparamos el volumen de prestaciones realizadas entre el 19/3/20 y el 18/3/21 con idéntico período de 2019/20. Efectuamos un estudio de cohorte emparejada (2:1) entre los pacientes con COVID-19 y sin él y se analizaron las complicaciones posoperatorias, la mortalidad, y doce variables objetivas como factores de riesgo asociados. Resultados: todas las variables prestacionales analizadas disminuyeron, pero solo las internaciones programadas y las cirugías y endoscopias no urgentes cayeron significativamente. De los 979 ingresos, 41 casos fueron COVID+ (4,1%). La mortalidad fue del 29,2% en COVID+ (12/41) vs. 7,3% en COVID- (6/82) P = 0,021. Los factores de riesgo significativos asociados a mortalidad fueron: edad ≥ 75 años, hombres, COVID+, urgencias, neumonía, requerimiento de UTI y ARM. Los pacientes operados presentaron una tasa significativamente mayor de neumonías. El análisis de regresión logística (COVID+ vs. -) mostró que por ser COVID+ y registrar la necesidad de ARM, como variables determinantes, en los COVID+ solo la ARM fue determinante en la mortalidad. Conclusión: la pandemia por COVID-19 disminuyó la actividad prestacional y aumentó la mortalidad de los afectados por la virosis.

ABSTRACT Background: The COVID-19 pandemic produced significant changes in the care and treatment of surgical patients. Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the volume of services provided during a year of pandemic with an equal period without pandemic, estimate its impact on health care and institutional care, and compare COVID-positive versus COVID-negative patients to determine postoperative complications, mortality and risk factors associated with these events. Material and methods: We conducted an observational and retrospective study, comparing the volume of services performed between March 19, 2020, and March 18, 2021, with the same period in 2019/2020. We performed a matched cohort study (in a 2:1 ratio) between patients with and without COVID-19 and analyzed the postoperative complications, mortality, and twelve objective variables as associated risk factors. Results: There was a significant decrease in planned hospitalizations and non-urgent surgeries and endoscopies, while all the other variables showed a non-significant reduction. Of the 979 admissions, 41 corresponded to COVID-positive patients (4.1%). Mortality was 29.2% in COVID-positive patients (12/41) vs. 7.3%% in those COVID negative (p = 0.021). The significant risk factors associated with mortality were age ≥75 years, male sex, COVID+, emergencies, pneumonia, requirement of ICU and MV. Patients operated on had a significantly higher rate of pneumonia. Logistic regression analysis between COVID+ patients and COVID- patients showed that COVID+ and need for MV were predictors of mortality. In COVID+ patients, only MV was a determinant of mortality. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic reduced healthcare services and increased mortality in patients infected with the virus.

Efectos de la pandemia COVID-19 en la formación de residentes de cirugía general de la Argentina / Efects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the training of residents in general surgery in Argentina

RESUMEN Antecedentes: los sistemas de salud del mundo se han visto afectados en su lucha contra el COVID-19, generando efectos negativos tanto en la actividad asistencial como en la formación de los residentes. Suspender cirugías electivas, disminuir la participación de residentes en quirófano y otros cambios estructurales de los hospitales determinó que los residentes de cirugía experimenten un marcado déficit educacional en su formación. Material y métodos: modalidad observacional y transversal. Se realizó una encuesta anónima online de 20 preguntas a residentes de cirugía de la Argentina. Se confeccionó una base de datos para el análisis estadístico. Se valoraron variables categóricas y numéricas. Resultados: se recibieron 100 respuestas de la encuesta en la que se identificó predominio de residentes de instituciones públicas. Se calculó un descenso del 63% en la cantidad de cirugías en las que participaron los residentes durante la pandemia. El 77% usó plataformas virtuales para remediar el impacto en las instancias de formación académica. El 57% de los encuestados cuentan con programas de simulación quirúrgica en su hospital. La mayoría experimentó consecuencias negativas en sus habilidades quirúrgicas y en su formación durante la pandemia, pero se identificaron diferencias entre el grupo que dispone de simulación quirúrgica y el que no. Conclusión: para resolver el déficit educativo que generó la pandemia por COVID-19, y como medida para potenciar el aprendizaje de habilidades quirúrgicas en situaciones normales, este estudio recomendaría contar con programas de simulación quirúrgica y fomentar el uso de plataformas virtuales como herramienta de formación académica.

ABSTRACT Background: Health systems worldwide have been affected in their fight against COVID-19, generating negative effects on both healthcare activity and training of residents. Cancellation of elective surgeries, less participation of residents in the operating room and other structural changes in the hospitals resulted in an educational gap in the training of residents in surgery. Material and methods: We conducted an observational and cross-sectional study. A 20-question online survey was conducted among residents in surgery from Argentina. A database was created for statistical analysis of categorical and continuous variables. Results: The survey was responded by 100 residents in surgery; most of them belonged to public institutions. There was a 63% decrease in the number of surgeries in which the residents participated during the pandemic. Seventy-seven percent used virtual platforms to mitigate the impact on academic training and 57% count with surgical simulation programs in their hospitals. Most of them experienced negative consequences on their surgical skills and training during the pandemic, but there were differences identified between the group with and without surgical simulation programs. Conclusion: The availability of surgical simulation programs and the use of virtual platforms as an academic training tool could solve the educational gap generated by the COVID-19 pandemic and enhance the learning of surgical skills under normal conditions.

Trends in Adverse Event Rates in Hospitalized Patients, 2010-2019.

Importance: Patient safety is a US national priority, yet lacks a comprehensive assessment of progress over the past decade. Objective: To determine the change in the rate of adverse events in hospitalized patients. Design, Setting, and Participants: This serial cross-sectional study used data from the Medicare Patient Safety Monitoring System from 2010 to 2019 to assess in-hospital adverse events in patients. The study included 244 542 adult patients hospitalized in 3156 US acute care hospitals across 4 condition groups from 2010 through 2019: acute myocardial infarction (17%), heart failure (17%), pneumonia (21%), and major surgical procedures (22%); and patients hospitalized from 2012 through 2019 for all other conditions (22%). Exposures: Adults aged 18 years or older hospitalized during each included calendar year. Main Outcomes and Measures: Information on adverse events (abstracted from medical records) included 21 measures across 4 adverse event domains: adverse drug events, hospital-acquired infections, adverse events after a procedure, and general adverse events (hospital-acquired pressure ulcers and falls). The outcomes were the total change over time for the observed and risk-adjusted adverse event rates in the subpopulations. Results: The study sample included 190 286 hospital discharges combined in the 4 condition-based groups of acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, pneumonia, and major surgical procedures (mean age, 68.0 [SD, 15.9] years; 52.6% were female) and 54 256 hospital discharges for the group including all other conditions (mean age, 57.7 [SD, 20.7] years; 59.8% were female) from 3156 acute care hospitals across the US. From 2010 to 2019, the total change was from 218 to 139 adverse events per 1000 discharges for acute myocardial infarction, from 168 to 116 adverse events per 1000 discharges for heart failure, from 195 to 119 adverse events per 1000 discharges for pneumonia, and from 204 to 130 adverse events per 1000 discharges for major surgical procedures. From 2012 to 2019, the rate of adverse events for all other conditions remained unchanged at 70 adverse events per 1000 discharges. After adjustment for patient and hospital characteristics, the annual change represented by relative risk in all adverse events per 1000 discharges was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.93-0.94) for acute myocardial infarction, 0.95 (95% CI, 0.94-0.96) for heart failure, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.93-0.95) for pneumonia, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.92-0.94) for major surgical procedures, and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.96-0.99) for all other conditions. The risk-adjusted adverse event rates declined significantly in all patient groups for adverse drug events, hospital-acquired infections, and general adverse events. For patients in the major surgical procedures group, the risk-adjusted rates of events after a procedure declined significantly. Conclusions and Relevance: In the US between 2010 and 2019, there was a significant decrease in the rates of adverse events abstracted from medical records for patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, pneumonia, and major surgical procedures and there was a significant decrease in the adjusted rates of adverse events between 2012 and 2019 for all other conditions. Further research is needed to understand the extent to which these trends represent a change in patient safety.

Preventable Readmissions Following Common Cancer Surgeries: Lessons Learned from New York State and Targets for Improvement.

BACKGROUND: Potentially preventable readmissions of surgical oncology patients offer opportunities to improve quality of care. Identifying and subsequently addressing remediable causes of readmissions may improve patient-centered care. OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with potentially preventable readmissions after index cancer operation. METHODS: The New York State hospital discharge database was used to identify patients undergoing common cancer operations via principal diagnosis and procedure codes between the years 2010 and 2014. The 30-day readmissions were identified and risk factors for potentially preventable readmissions were analyzed using competing risk analysis. RESULTS: A total of 53,740 cancer surgeries performed for the following tumor types were analyzed: colorectal (CRC) (42%), kidney (22%), liver (2%), lung (25%), ovary (4%), pancreas (4%), and uterine (1%). The 30-day readmission rate was 11.97%, 47% of which were identified as potentially preventable. The most common cause of potentially preventable readmissions was sepsis (48%). Pancreatic cancer had the highest overall readmission rate (22%) and CRC had the highest percentage of potentially preventable readmissions (51%, hazard ratio [HR] 1.42, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.28-1.61). Risk factors associated with preventable readmissions included discharge disposition to a skilled nursing facility (HR 2.22, 95%CI 1.99-2.48) and the need for home healthcare (HR 1.61, 95%CI 1.48-1.75). CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of the 30-day readmissions were potentially preventable and attributed to high rates of sepsis, surgical site infections, dehydration, and electrolyte disorders. These results can be further validated for identifying broad targets for improvement.

Death after surgery among patients with chronic disease: prospective study of routinely collected data in the English NHS.

BACKGROUND: Five million surgeries take place in the NHS each year. Little is known about the prevalence of chronic diseases among these patients, and the association with postoperative outcomes. METHODS: Analysis of routine data from all NHS hospitals in England including patients aged ≥18 yr undergoing non-obstetric surgery between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2015. The primary outcome was death within 90 days after surgery. For each chronic disease, we adjusted for age, sex, presence of other diseases, emergency surgery, and year using logistic regression models. We defined high-risk diseases as those with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) for death ≥2 and report associated 2-yr survival. RESULTS: We included 8 624 611 patients (median age, 53 [36-68] yr), of whom 6 913 451 (80.2%) underwent elective surgery and 1 711 160 (19.8%) emergency surgery. Overall, 2 311 600 (26.8%) patients had a chronic disease, of whom 109 686 (4.7%) died within 90 days compared with 24 136 (0.4%) of 6 313 011 without chronic disease. Respiratory disease (1 002 281 [11.6%]), diabetes mellitus (662 706 [7.7%]), and cancer (310 363; 3.6%) were the most common. Four chronic diseases accounted for 7.7% of patients but 59.0% of deaths: cancer (37 693 deaths [12.1%]; OR=8.3 [8.2-8.5]), liver disease (8638 deaths [10.3%]; OR=4.5 [4.4-4.7]), cardiac failure (26 604 deaths [12.6%]; OR=2.4 [2.4-2.5]), and dementia (19 912 deaths [17.9%]; OR=2.0 [1.9-2.0]). Two-year survival was 67.7% among patients with high-risk chronic disease, compared with 97.1% without. CONCLUSION: One in four surgical patients has a chronic disease with an associated 10-fold increase in risk of postoperative death. Two-thirds of all deaths after surgery occur among patients with high-risk diseases (cancer, cardiac failure, liver disease, dementia).

The Perioperative Patient Experience During COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Access to elective surgical procedures has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We sought to understand the patient experience by developing and distributing an anonymous online survey to those who underwent non-emergency surgery at a large academic tertiary medical center between March and October 2020. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 184 patients; the majority were white (84%), female (74.6%), and ranged from 18 to 88 years old. Patients were likely unaware of case delay as only 23.6% reported a delay, 82% of which agreed with that decision. Conversely, 44% felt that the delay negatively impacted their quality of life. Overall, 82.7% of patients indicated high satisfaction with their care. African American patients more often indicated a "neutral" vs "satisfactory" hospital experience (P < .05) and considered postponing their surgery (P < .01). Interestingly, younger patients (<60) were more likely than older (≥60) patients to note anxiety associated with having surgery during the pandemic (P < .01), feeling unprepared for discharge (P < .02), not being allowed visitors (P < .02), and learning about the spread of COVID-19 from health care providers (P < .02). DISCUSSION: These results suggest that patients are resilient and accepting of changes to health care delivery during the current pandemic; however, certain patient populations may have higher levels of anxiety which could be addressed by their care provider. These findings can help inform and guide ongoing and future health care delivery adaptations in response to care disruptions.

The impact of COVID-19 on surgical procedures in Japan: analysis of data from the National Clinical Database.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The spread of COVID-19 has restricted the delivery of standard medical care to surgical patients dramatically. Surgical triage is performed by considering the type of disease, its severity, the urgency for surgery, and the condition of the patient, in addition to the scale of infectious outbreaks in the region. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of surgical procedures performed and whether the effects were more prominent during certain periods of widespread infection and in the affected regions. METHODS: We selected 20 of the most common procedures from each surgical field and compared the weekly numbers of each operation performed in 2020 with the respective numbers in 2018 and 2019, as recorded in the National Clinical Database (NCD). The surgical status during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the relationship between surgical volume and the degree of regional infection were analyzed extensively. RESULTS: The rate of decline in surgery was at most 10-15%. Although the numbers of most oncological and cardiovascular procedures decreased in 2020, there was no significant change in the numbers of pancreaticoduodenectomy and aortic replacement procedures performed in the same period. CONCLUSION: The numbers of most surgical procedures decreased in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the precise impact of surgical triage on decrease in detection of disease warrants further investigation.

Emergency General Surgery Procedures and Cost of Care for Older Adults in the State of Maryland.

BACKGROUND: Older adults (OAs) ≥ 65 years of age, representing the fastest growing segment in the United States, are anticipated to require a greater percentage of emergency general surgery procedures (EGSPs) with an associated increase in health care costs. The aims of this study were to identify the frequency of EGSP and charges incurred by OA compared to their younger counterparts in the state of Maryland. METHODS: A retrospective review of the Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission from 2009 to 2018 was undertaken. Patients undergoing urgent or emergent ESGP were divided into 2 groups (18-64 years and ≥65 years). Data collected included demographics, APR-severity of illness (SOI), APR-risk of mortality (ROM), the EGSP (partial colectomy [PC], small bowel resection [SBR], cholecystectomy, operative management of peptic ulcer disease, lysis of adhesions, appendectomy, and laparotomy), length of stay (LOS), and hospital charges. P-values (P < .05) were significant. RESULTS: Of the 181,283 patients included in the study, 55,401 (38.1%) were ≥65 years of age. Older adults presented with greater APR-SOI (major 37.7% vs 21.3%, extreme 5.2% vs 9.3%), greater APR-ROM (major 25.3% vs 8.7%, extreme 22.3% vs 5.3%), underwent PC (24.5% vs 10.9%) and SBR (12.8% vs 7.0%) more frequently, and incurred significantly higher median hospital charges for every EGSP, consistently between 2009 and 2018 due to increased LOS and complications when compared to those ≤65 years of age. CONCLUSION: These findings stress the need for validated frailty indices and quality improvement initiatives focused on the care of OAs in emergency general surgery to maximize outcomes and optimize cost.